Japanese American Style Essay - 1576 Words

As you look on the television and are constantly bombarded by issues of racial calamity in this day and age, do you notice a specific unrepresented group? For me and several of my fellow peers, this answer is clearly a yes. The topic that I’m choosing to talk about in relation to this class is the â€Å"Asian Advantage† or the less well-known name, Model minority. From the very beginning of life, Asian Americans are characterized and limited to a specific subset of life. Often times, this subset is often seen as positive, therefore negating any consequence or fault that this myth may have. The model minority myth was created in 1966 by sociologist William Petersen in an article, â€Å"Success Story: Japanese American Style†, that was published in the New York Times Magazine. In this article, it talks about the reasons why Japanese Americans have been successful in the United States even after being condemned into internment camps. The timing of this article, however, was very convenient in timing because it was released only a year after the Moynihan report, which stated that the reasons that African Americans were faltering in their own socio-economic status was because they weren’t doing what the model minority, Japanese Americans, were doing (Wang 2016). If you look back in history, even the government is clearly guilty of influencing the public perception on different groups of people. With the Immigration Act of 1965, it only allowed for skilled and educated immigrants from AsiaShow MoreRelatedRecruitment and Selection: Comparative Management (Recruitment and Selection Process) Between American-Style and Japanese-Style3666 Words   |  15 Pagesfrom the US, and Toyota and Sony from Japan have been successful through their contrasting styles of management, as they originate from different corners of the world – the US in the west and Japan in the East. Thus, the purpose of this study is to form a comparative human resource management system, particularly the recruitment and selection process, between American-style and Japanese-style management. The research begins with the identification of the research question and the importanceRead MoreJapanese Anthropology Essay1772 Words   |  8 Pagescultural epicenter, which was a very disappointing trip. Little Tokyo proved to be quite the opposite, as I was able to ascertain a much deeper understanding of the Japanese culture because of it, and at the same time was able to reflect on the differences and similarities of my Filipino heritage. From what I was able to gather, the Japanese and Filipino cultures have quite a few significant differences, but have more similarities than I originally anticipated. As the name would suggest, Little TokyoRead MoreAnth 338 Research Paper1792 Words   |  8 Pagescultural epicenter, which was a very disappointing trip. Little Tokyo proved to be quite the opposite, as I was able to ascertain a much deeper understanding of the Japanese culture because of it, and at the same time was able to reflect on the differences and similarities of my Filipino heritage. From what I was able to gather, the Japanese and Filipino cultures have quite a few significant differences, but have more similarities than I originally anticipated. As the name would suggest, Little TokyoRead More Chinese and Japanese Immigrants and the California Dream Essay2565 Words   |  11 Pagesfor the gold rush, promising to return (with wealth). Likewise, in the 1880s, when the state of California was undergoing rapid economic transformation, Japanese immigrants — just as young and ambitious as their Chinese counterparts — set out for America where they had heard the streets were â€Å"paved with gold.† But little did these Chinese and Japanese immigrants know that what they would discover in California would not be gold and riches, nor wealth and opportunity, but a hostile land that would acceptRead MoreAnalysis Of The Wash Gotanda 1851 Words   |  8 Pages In The Wash Gotanda proves his ability to understand both the external symptoms of racial oppression and the internal impacts of racism, and how it deeply affects each member of the family. Furthermore, he criticizes the Asian Americans for their roles in deepening the impacts of racism by enduring it without any resistance. He says: Internalized racism is a fact of life. If you live in America, you have been infected by it. By internal I mean how we buy into racism, how we participateRead MoreYoshiko Uchid A Poet, And Her Father A Businessman1487 Words   |  6 Pages1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, and Uchida, along with other Japanese Americans, were sent to relocation camps. She worked as a teacher while attending the camp. Despite the embarrassment and agony of her past, Uchida created profound stories full of sense to both reader and the topic displayed.Yoshiko Uchida used her experiences in the concentration camps, the prejudice she faced in high school,her tradition at home and her Japanese history to create her characters and the conflicts in her booksRead MoreInternment Camps In Julie Otsukas When The Emperor Was Divine908 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel, When the Emperor was Divine focuses on an average Japanese-American family that lived in the United States during the time period of World War Two. T he author, Julie Otsuka, refers to the characters as the mother, the girl, the boy, and the father.Each member of the family was affected very greatly but much differently by the internment camps in which they were forced to live in. Being placed in internment camps made them act in ways they normally wouldnt. For example, the internmentRead More Japanese Alien and Japanese-American Poets In U. S. Relocation Camps4710 Words   |  19 PagesOn February 19, 1942, Franklin Delano Roosevelt issued the infamous Executive Order 9066, which resulted in the internment of 110,000 Japanese Aliens and Japanese Americans in concentration camps because of the so-called military threat, they posed. In 1945, poet Lawson Fusao Inada wrote the following poem, titled Concentration Constellation, which refers to the various relocation camps that were used to contain these people: In this earthly configuration, We have, not points of light, butRead MoreJapanese Internment Camps Were The Uprising Of World War II1510 Words   |  7 PagesJapanese American internment camps were the uprising of World War II. Numerous internment camps were created across the United States when the Japanese killed thousands of Americans in the Pearl Harbor bombings. Because of this, all Japanese people were forced to evacuate their homes throughout the United States; this caused many businesses to shut down. The United States government attempted to cover up these camps by keeping it quiet, but they eventually made their way to the media. Many peopleRead MorePresident Franklin Roosevelt and Pearl Harbor705 Words   |  3 PagesAmerica by the Japanese because they weren’t able to get aid from Japanese Americans because they were tested for their loyalty (Takagi).Disloyal Japanese Americans no longer had a way to assist the Japanese (Sonia). By testing the Japanese Americans Roosevelt protected the USA from any more attacks. Another ma in justification for the creation of internment camps is that Americans were paranoid that Japanese Americans were aiding the Japanese and they constantly felt unsafe, so Japanese being in internment

Abraham Lincoln And The Emancipation Proclamation

- Abraham Lincoln the Emancipation Proclamation An example of a presidential executive order which congress did not authorise would be Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. Slaves could not be freed constitutionally because they were considered property under the constitution. Lincoln justified this move as an act of war to undermine the war effort in the south. When President Lincoln first proposed the Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet in the summer of 1862, many of the cabinet secretaries were apathetic, or thought the Proclamation was too radical. It was only Lincoln’s firm commitment to the necessity and justice of the Proclamation, which finally persuaded his cabinet members to support him. - Franklin Delano Rossevelt The New Deal Franklin Roosevelt vastly expanded the powers of the presidency beyond anything before seen. The New Deal expanded the federal government s authority over the economy in response to the emergency of the Great Depression. Less well known, FDR enhanced the executive branch’s power relative to Congress and the Court. This proved to be an expansion going far beyond a war emergency. FDR worked closely with Democratic majorities in Congress to pass broad delegations of lawmaking authority to new federal agencies to exercise virtually all of Congress s lawmaking powers, subject sometimes to the requirement only that the agencies decisions promote â€Å"the public interest.† As the size and scope of federal agencies grewShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln And The Emancipation Proclamation2067 Words   |  9 Pages Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation: Was Lincoln a Racist? Abraham Lincoln, one of the greatest and the most venerable president of the United State, he is famous for the contribution that issued Emancipation Proclamation that granted the hope of African Americans got U.S citizenship and legal rights from federal government, promoted the development of unifying nation. However, even though the Emancipation Proclamation recognize and maintain freedom of slaves, plenty of sources indicateRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Emancipation Proclamation2066 Words   |  9 PagesIn school we are taught that Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves. This statement is reinforced continuously throughout our education, beginning from the time we are in elementary school to when we are in high school. However, it’s never really expounded upon when taught. The discussion never goes further than ‘Abraham Lincoln enacted the Emancipation Proclamation and thus freed the slaves’, but is still able to instill the implication that he did so out of his own moral values and that life for ex-slavesRead MoreThe Emancipation Proclamation By Abraham Lincoln825 Words   |  4 Pages1) What is the Emancipation Proclamation? When is Baldwin’s letter written and what is the significance of the timing of his letter (specifically: what is the situation of African Americans at the time Baldwin wrote the letter?) The emancipation proclamation was Abraham Lincoln s presidential declaration that changed the legal status of slaves from â€Å"slave† to â€Å"free.† Baldwin’s letter â€Å"My dungeon shook† was written in 1963, the hundredth anniversary of the emancipation Proclamation. The significanceRead More Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesOn January 1, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was delivered by Abraham Lincoln. This bold and progressive move by the President declared that all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free (The Library of Congress, 2014). While Lincoln now harbors the fame for ending slavery, his proclamation initially only ended slavery in those states that attemptedRead MoreAbraham Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation859 Words   |  4 PagesThe E mancipation Proclamation Although Abraham Lincoln produced numerous timeless events in the history of the United States of America, perhaps none more effective as the Emancipation Proclamation. The innovative and impactful Emancipation Proclamation consisted of two executive orders issued by President Lincoln. The first order was issued on September 22, 1862 and gave freedom to all slaves in the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. One hundredRead MoreAbraham Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation2278 Words   |  10 PagesAbraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation is one of the most successful and influential documents in America’s history and throughout the world. Slavery in America had been a substantial part of its history since the early 1600’s and would eventually lead to be a very controversial topic throughout the country. It was an issue that divided the nation momentously into one of the bloodiest wars in world history where e ven further history would be made through the final abolition of slavery. The effectsRead MoreAbraham Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation1899 Words   |  8 PagesAbraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation declared â€Å"all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free†. While it continues to be a symbol of equality and social justice, his legacy has generated a century and a half debate that questions if he was the â€Å"progressive man† whose death was an â€Å"unspeakable calamity† as Frederick Douglass proclaimed or had heRead MoreThe Emancipation Proclamation By President Abraham Lincoln1871 Words   |  8 PagesAfter the Civil War the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863 by President Abraham Lincoln. The first paragraph of the Emancipation Proclamation states, That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the UnitedRead MoreThe Emancipation Proclamation By President Abraham Lincoln1712 Words   |  7 Pages January 1, 1863 President Abraham Lincoln changed the face of America by declaring all slaves to be freed, this was known as the Emancipation Proclamation. In our country s history the Proclamation can be argued as one of the most groundbreaking change that shaped how our country operates today. Arthur John Johnson born to Henry and Tiny Johnson in Galveston, Texas on March 31, 1878 third of nine children; three of which died at birth. Roberts stated not much is known of Henry’s influence onRead MoreThe Emancipation Proclamation Was Issued By President Abraham Lincoln1206 Words   |  5 Pages The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863. Lincoln issued this document during the American Civil War. A massive percentage of people believe it was issued solely to end slavery. However, abolishing slavery was never a main goal of the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued to gain troops for the union army while destroying the Confederacy’s economy and to prevent foreign nations like England and France from becoming allies with the Abraham Lincoln And The Emancipation Proclamation Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation: Was Lincoln a Racist? Abraham Lincoln, one of the greatest and the most venerable president of the United State, he is famous for the contribution that issued Emancipation Proclamation that granted the hope of African Americans got U.S citizenship and legal rights from federal government, promoted the development of unifying nation. However, even though the Emancipation Proclamation recognize and maintain freedom of slaves, plenty of sources indicate that Lincoln was dedicated in Africa American’s migration, which is sceptical that was he a racist completely in some degrees? Lincoln’s racial belief was related to his environment in the period and the place he grown up, both of them were the main elements of impacting his attitude about Africa Americans. According to the document it is clear that he was born on 1809, in the early 19th century,(1) the situation of slaves is explained detailedly by Bjornlund: The racism that existed in the United States in the 1950s was born hundreds of years earlier with the institution of slavery. For over two hundred years, until slavery was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865, slavery had been a dominant social and economic force in the South. By 1860, the census counted the slave population at 4 million. The slavery had none of the rights accorded to American citizens. Most worked for white owners as domestic servants and farm laborers. The most enlightened slave ownersShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln And The Emancipation Proclamation1415 Words   |  6 Pages- Abraham Lincoln the Emancipation Proclamation An example of a presidential executive order which congress did not authorise would be Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. Slaves could not be freed constitutionally because they were considered property under the constitution. Lincoln justified this move as an act of war to undermine the war effort in the south. When President Lincoln first proposed the Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet in the summer of 1862, many of the cabinetRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Emancipation Proclamation2066 Words   |  9 PagesIn school we are taught that Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves. This statement is reinforced continuously throughout our education, beginning from the time we are in elementary school to when we are in high school. However, it’s never really expounded upon when taught. The discussion never goes further than ‘Abraham Lincoln enacted the Emancipation Proclamation and thus freed the slaves’, but is still able to instill the implication that he did so out of his own moral values and that life for ex-slavesRead MoreThe Emancipation Proclamation By Abraham Lincoln825 Words   |  4 Pages1) What is the Emancipation Proclamation? When is Baldwin’s letter written and what is the significance of the timing of his letter (specifically: what is the situation of African Americans at the time Baldwin wrote the letter?) The emancipation proclamation was Abraham Lincoln s presidential declaration that changed the legal status of slaves from â€Å"slave† to â€Å"free.† Baldwin’s letter â€Å"My dungeon shook† was written in 1963, the hundredth anniversary of the emancipation Proclamation. The significanceRead More Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesOn January 1, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was delivered by Abraham Lincoln. This bold and progressive move by the President declared that all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free (The Library of Congress, 2014). While Lincoln now harbors the fame for ending slavery, his proclamation initially only ended slavery in those states that attemptedRead MoreAbraham Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation859 Words   |  4 PagesThe E mancipation Proclamation Although Abraham Lincoln produced numerous timeless events in the history of the United States of America, perhaps none more effective as the Emancipation Proclamation. The innovative and impactful Emancipation Proclamation consisted of two executive orders issued by President Lincoln. The first order was issued on September 22, 1862 and gave freedom to all slaves in the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. One hundredRead MoreAbraham Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation2278 Words   |  10 PagesAbraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation is one of the most successful and influential documents in America’s history and throughout the world. Slavery in America had been a substantial part of its history since the early 1600’s and would eventually lead to be a very controversial topic throughout the country. It was an issue that divided the nation momentously into one of the bloodiest wars in world history where e ven further history would be made through the final abolition of slavery. The effectsRead MoreAbraham Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation1899 Words   |  8 PagesAbraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation declared â€Å"all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free†. While it continues to be a symbol of equality and social justice, his legacy has generated a century and a half debate that questions if he was the â€Å"progressive man† whose death was an â€Å"unspeakable calamity† as Frederick Douglass proclaimed or had heRead MoreThe Emancipation Proclamation By President Abraham Lincoln1871 Words   |  8 PagesAfter the Civil War the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863 by President Abraham Lincoln. The first paragraph of the Emancipation Proclamation states, That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the UnitedRead MoreThe Emancipation Proclamation By President Abraham Lincoln1712 Words   |  7 Pages January 1, 1863 President Abraham Lincoln changed the face of America by declaring all slaves to be freed, this was known as the Emancipation Proclamation. In our country s history the Proclamation can be argued as one of the most groundbreaking change that shaped how our country operates today. Arthur John Johnson born to Henry and Tiny Johnson in Galveston, Texas on March 31, 1878 third of nine children; three of which died at birth. Roberts stated not much is known of Henry’s influence onRead MoreThe Emancipation Proclamation Was Issued By President Abraham Lincoln1206 Words   |  5 Pages The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863. Lincoln issued this document during the American Civil War. A massive percentage of people believe it was issued solely to end slavery. However, abolishing slavery was never a main goal of the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued to gain troops for the union army while destroying the Confederacy’s economy and to prevent foreign nations like England and France from becoming allies with the

Family Means Free Essays

When asked â€Å"what does family mean? † I automatically think of the legal definition. The legal definition of family is a group of individuals consisting of parents, siblings, children, and other relatives, who have ties of blood, marriage, or adoption. Now that the legal definition is out of the way, we can get to my definition. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Means or any similar topic only for you Order Now Family also known as kin, folk, clan, relatives, or dynasty, to me is a little bit different from the legal definition. Family to me is a group of people who love you unknowingly but still unconditionally. Family is where you can be yourself and for me that is probably one of the turning points between family and close friendship. To others family might be the group of people that you tell boring stories to just because you know that regardless of anything they are still your family. There are times I find it hard to sleep at night and I text my cousin Lindsey and no matter what happens, I can tell her about it and she doesn’t say anything to anybody. There was one time when I thought I was failing a class because, this year especially, I feel like i’m slacking a little bit. So I told Lindsey about it and she said â€Å"stop playing games and study because I know your grandma does not play. † Just that one line kind of put everything in perspective because my grandma, no matter how nice she may seem, she really doesn’t play when it comes to grades and her family. Family in short can make someone a part of something bigger than themselves. Family is the one word that can make someone go back somewhere they really didn’t want to ever go back to. Some family members make you mad, angry, upset, frustrated. Some make you want to call them every name in the book, and by book I don’t mean the Bible. But, at the same time your  family is the only thing you can find yourself confiding in, and crying to, and loving more than ever. So when it comes to family no one should feel like they have to have some type of guard up because these are the people that are supposed to care the most. Everyone’s definition of family or kin is different but, to me that is what it should be. What’s your definition? How to cite Family Means, Essays

Domestice Violence Essay Research Paper Domestic ViolenceDomestic free essay sample

Domestice Violence Essay, Research Paper Domestic Violence Domestic force today is an of all time increasing, atrocious epidemic. Domestic force non merely affects adult females, it besides affects kids every bit good as work forces in a few instances. This epidemic encompasses non merely physical but emotional types of maltreatment. After going the victim of maltreatment it becomes a life-time of healing. Domestic force in our state is unluckily on the rise alternatively of on the diminution. This is a job that society has merely begun to acknowledge in the past 15 to 20 old ages. It, of class, has been around for many, many old ages. Before this job was identified as something that people didn t talk about, it was a household thing, something to jostle under the rug, something to disregard and move as if nil was go oning. The biggest ground this tragic rampant disease wasn T recognized for so long was the belief that a adult female had wronged her adult male and that the adult male was the male monarch of his palace and ruled the roost. Therefore, the adult male had every right to make what of all time he felt necessary whether it be shouting, cursing or name naming to the extreme of slapping, striking, crushing or utilizing arms. The classs of domestic force are emotional and physical maltreatment. The emotional side of this includes shouting, shouting, cursing, and denigration of the victim. Sometimes this is every bit far as the maltreatment goes, but in fact this is the most annihilating type of maltreatment. It is true how words will lodge with a individual for a long, long clip. This type of maltreatment makes its victim feel atrocious ; for illustration, it destroys self-esteem and leaves its victim oppugning their values and dignity. This type of maltreatment can do the victim to go dependent upon others for daily life undertakings, like choice of vesture, seeking blessing for even the smallest undertakings. Victims of emotional maltreatment can sometimes endure from anxiousness upsets, such as, panic onslaughts. Panic onslaughts are enfeebling in nature if aid is non sought. Symptoms of panic onslaughts include roseola and unexplained paranoia or frights, for illustration, fright of sources, fright of diseases, and fright for safety. The physical features of a panic onslaught include perspiration, rapid pulsation and bosom rate, vision jobs, and concerns. Victims of emotional maltreatment wear their cicatrixs on the interior, where as, physical maltreatment victims wear theirs on the exterior. Physical maltreatment is easy to observe from the contusions, blackened eyes, and broken castanetss. Physical maltreatment besides comes in signifiers of sexual maltreatment, including colza, incest and buggery. Physical maltreatment is frequently seen around the state in exigency room and victim s shelters. When victims are taken to the exigency suites physicians and nurses sing the nature of the hurts ask them inquiries, and how they injuries occurred. More frequently that non the physicians and nurses will hear the replies of I fell down the stairss, I tripped and fell, or it was an accident. Victims of domestic force attempt to cover up the maltreatment they are sing. The victims effort to make this by lying to others to protect the maltreater, going withdrawn from friends and household, and denying to themselves that the maltreatment is truly go oning. A victim of domestic force prevarications to others, who question so about the contusions, scrapings, and blackened eyes the same manner they will lie to physicians and nurses in the exigency suites. The victim lies because they feel ashamed for what they have been through. They feel that they either deserved the maltreatment for incorrect behaviour or, because they can t believe the maltreatment happened to them and are afraid of off-handed remarks such as, What vitamin D you do? Or, Didn T you know when to close up? And other hurtful take downing remarks. A victim of domestic force will go Wisconsin thdrawn from everyone, including those closest to them. By going withdrawn the victim feels that there is less of a opportunity that he or she will be questioned about the maltreatment. Besides, by going withdrawn the victim hopes to relieve some of the remarks and debasements from others. An maltreater takes off the victim s want to socialise, and to be with others. The victim normally wants to stay close to the maltreatment for fright of being hurt once more if they do something that the maltreater doesn T approve of. A victim of domestic force attempts to deny the being of the maltreatment by believing that they are incorrect for their actions and what happens is normal. There are many grounds victims of domestic force stay in their state of affairss. Some of these grounds include fright of being entirely, concerns for their safety, desiring to maintain the household unit together, and fiscal concerns. A victim s self-esteem becomes so low while in the opprobrious state of affairs that he or she feels that no 1 else will desire to be with them and that they are worthless. A victim will stay with the maltreater sometimes because the maltreater has threatened to kill them or to take the kids off from them. They menace to kill the victim stems from the doctrine If I can t hold you no one can! A victim chooses to stay in the relationship for his or her kids s interest because he or she feels the demand to hold both parents together, and have no manner of back uping their kids and themselves without the other spouse. Once a victim chooses to go forth a domestic force state of affairs there are assorted ways the aid him or her achieve this without being harmed. The Family Resource Center is an organisation formed to assist victims of domestic force have a safe house off from and out of range of their maltreater, where they can non be harmed. This organisation besides assists victims in going self- sufficient by assisting the victim to happen shelter, vesture, and work. The Family Resource Center helps victims to use for lodging grants, nutrient casts, and, occupation preparation plans. This organisation helps victims to seek tribunal orders for protection and besides keeping orders. During this procedure, if there are kids involved they besides help seek detention and support orders for the kids. The Family Resource Center besides employees people called tribunal advocators. The occupation of they tribunal advocates is to take the victim to the courtroom that they will be in when they go to tribun al for all of the orders. The advocator will demo the victim where everyone will be seated, and walks them through the procedure that will go on one time the tribunal day of the month has arrived. The tribunal advocator is besides there for the victim for moral support throughout the tribunal day of the months. The Family Resource Center besides maintains crisis hotlines that are confidential and unfastened 24 hours a twenty-four hours and 7 yearss a hebdomad. These hotlines are manned largely by voluntaries and are for victims of domestic force to name for aid and moral support. Another beginning of aid for victims is the constabulary. Today constabularies are able to take out warrants on people suspected of domestic force by merely look intoing the scene and interviewing individuals involved. It is no longer necessary for the victim to come frontward and take out the warrants on the maltreater. This eliminates the fright of being hurt farther by describing the offense to the gover nments. Although today there are many more ways for domestic force victims to go forth the opprobrious state of affairs and have aid the maltreatment continues to run rampant across the state. This is a atrocious tragic epidemic that claims the lives of 100s of 1000s each twelvemonth. Let s come together to assist halt and forestall these guiltless victims from deceasing and being hurt. Possibly someday in the hereafter domestic force will go nonextant.

8 Cheap and Easy Work Lunch Ideas to Save You Money

8 Cheap and Easy Work Lunch Ideas to Save You Money Sick of the same old sandwich? Or shelling out $20 to order take-out to your desk? Or just the usual spot you and your coworkers go and get the same $10 salad every single day? Save money, calories, and sanity by packing yourself an enjoyable and tasty lunch that might just help you enjoy your workday that much more. Here are some great ideas to get you started.1. Jar SaladYes, this is still a salad, but a) you make it yourself so you’re not paying a ridiculous markup, and b) you can buy in bulk and create the following package a few times a week. Boom- healthy and cheap. Pack your salad in an adorable mason jar. Just put dressing, wet ingredients, and moisture resistant veggies on the bottom, then layer other veggies, proteins, greens, grains, and crunchy bits as you work your way up the jar. Tie a fork to the side and you’re set!2. To-Go-GurtSame bulk and money-saving theory, same container, maybe a little more fun. Layer granola, compote or jam, fruit, yogurt, etc. i n a delicious mason jar parfait. Or, keep a container of yogurt, a box of cereal, and some berries in your work fridge and make this on the spot, if you’re able to. This makes a fab portable breakfast or even a pick-me-up snack for the 3 p.m. munchies.3. Wraps Made in the OfficeSandwiches are boring and don’t travel and sit in a Tupperware all too well. Instead, box up the tasty filling of your choice (leftovers work great here) and keep a pack of wraps in your work kitchen (tortillas, gluten-free wraps, whatever you fancy). You can think bigger and better than PBJ here, but still get that lunchtime sandwich fix:  chicken Caesar, creamy avocado and white bean, southwestern spiced†¦ whatever your creative filling of choice, just pop it in a   and you’re good to go.4. Sturdy SaladsInstead of the everyday lettuce, try making a grain salad for healthy whole grains and extra energy. Try quinoa, faro, barley, wheat berries, or even couscous as a base, then ad d in crunch veggies, nuts, protein, and a bit of dressing as you see fit.5. Creative SandwichesMaybe you’re committed to the classic sammie but have hit a rut. Just because you’re bored of ham and cheese or PBJ doesn’t mean sandwiches need to be off the table. Try fruit! Add apples to your turkey and brie, or your almond butter. Try a pear-walnut combo on cinnamon raisin bread. Use hummus, avocado, smashed beans. Pesto! Sweet potatoes. Veggie burger patties. Get creative. And it’s not all about tuna fish or egg salad. Try salmon salad, or curried chicken salad for a change.6. Hearty BowlsYou go buy burrito bowls or fajita bowls or Baja bowls or Buddha bowls†¦ why not make one yourself? Just layer in your grains, protein, greens, and flourishes (never underestimate a sauce or herbal garnish), and you’ll have a healthy and hearty meal for yourself at work.7. Slow CookingPut your leftovers to work for you. Make a giant batch of something in your Crockpot. It will cook while you’re at work one day, and can either be dinner one night and lunch the next, or an easy freezable lunch in Tupperware. Or practice what many savvy lunchers do- the Sunday afternoon meal prep. You can knock out at least 2 or 3 meals with one big batch cook while you’re hanging out around the house on a weekend morning. It’s worth the prep to save you money and time during the hectic work week.

Jonathan safran foer Essays

Jonathan safran foer Essays Jonathan safran foer Essay Jonathan safran foer Essay Throughout this essay I will tell how he uses these strategies and how they work for him. Fore Uses imagery throughout his pieces to help you get a better understanding of what hes saying and to help you picture what is being said. His first use of imagery is used in the book Eating Animals when it says At first the situation doesnt look too bad. Its crowded, but they seem happy enough. (And human babies are kept in crowded indoor nurseries, right? ) And theyre cute. The exhilaration of seeing what came to see, and confronting all of these baby animals, has me feeling pretty good (Fore 89). The reason he used this is to help readers see that the chickens were crowded in a room but its no different than where babies are held which is in a crowded nursery. Also in Eating Animals he presents another example of imagery when he says Step your mind into a crowded elevator, an elevator so crowded you cannot turn around without bumping into (and aggravating) your neighbor. The elevator is so crowded you are often held aloft. This is kind of a blessing, as the slanted floor is made of wire, which cuts into your feet (Fore 47). This example really works for Fore because he tells you to picture it and then gives you a situation where you would be able to picture it perfectly and physically imagine yourself there. This strategy helps the reader more fully understand what the author is trying to describe. It makes the reader actually imagine what it is like and care more about the situation. Anyone can hear that something is terrible, but no one really cares until they experience it for themselves. Fore also represents imagery in an article he writes entitled Speechless which s about how his sons vocabulary isnt advanced enough to fully understand what he is experiencing or is being told. In the article he says There was a period, about a year ago, when every few nights my wife and I would be awakened by the sound of little steps in the darkness. Then our sons quick breathing in our room, and finally his trembling voice from the foot of the bed: I had a nightmare (Fore, Speechless). This form of imagery is to show the reader how distinct the sound was so you can actually picture the child walking through the hallway into the room. This works for Fore by being able to share a story that many adults can relate to because many children have nightmares, so he really connects with his readers using this imagery. Imagery is used very well in Foyers work but he does a good job with adding many metaphors. Foyers use of metaphors is spread throughout his writing and made reading them much more enjoyable. In the book Eating Animals he uses an example which says We could hear the bullet wed dodged whistle past me (Fore 52). This metaphor is used to emphasize the importance and severity of the situation. It gives the reader a better feeling of just how much the situation meant to the author. By using the term bullet, Fore makes his story that much more dramatic and emotional. This particular metaphor works in Foyers book because he is telling how serious the situation could have been, but by dodging the bullet he is saying things are good but could have been far worse. Also in an article by Fore titled How To Not Be Alone In The 21st Century, Fore reminds us to pay attention to people in our interconnected world. Too often, we forget to do this. He uses an example adapter when he says l worry that the closer the world gets to our fingertips, the further it gets from our hearts (Fore, How To Not Be Alone In The 21st Century). This metaphor is used to show how technology is evolving everyday and people are too focused with it and not paying attention to the things that are happening right in front of them. This was very important for Fore to put in his article because it applies to everyone, its not just targeted to one specific demographic, and it targets people around the world because technology is everywhere and is improving. In another article by Fore Eating Animals Makes Us Sick, he says your friend didnt catch a bug as much as eat a bug (Fore, Eating Animals Makes us Sick). This metaphor is one that is expressed widely when people talk about getting sick. This one works in Poems perspective because he figures that is a figure of speech everyone knows well enough to figure out and make sense of what hes saying. His metaphors are all in relation to make the reader become more comfortable with his writings and makes them want to read more and more by offering them great metaphors that will simplify what he is saying. The last metaphor moms from Eating Animals also, it says But herds the elephant in the room: why eat animals at all? (Fore, 210). Fore uses this rhetorical strategy to simply point out the obvious. He shows that many people are afraid to ask themselves this question so in this part he puts it all out on the table. He wants to make people think about the uncomfortable questions in the back of their minds and the questions that no one has ever thought to bring up. His bluntness makes the reader see animals as animals, and makes the reader take into consideration whether eating animals is the right thing to do ND if consuming the chemicals within them is or is not worth the taste. Metaphors are something that worked for Fore but his appeal to pathos is something that he frequently repeats. Pathos is one Of Foyers main go-to signature strategies. No matter what he writes he somehow finds a way to appeal to the readers emotions by what he is saying. The first use of pathos in the book says One time I just took my knife-its sharp enough- and I sliced off the end of a hogs nose, just like a piece of bologna. The hog went crazy for a few seconds. Then just sat there looking kind of stupid. So I took a handful of salt brine and ground it into its nose (Fore 253). This really appeals to the readers emotions because that is something you dont imagine happening to animals, its gruesome and brutal to do something like that and unnecessary. This type of pathos really gets to the reader and really works for Fore because by telling about the things that happen to animals on farms, really spreads awareness of not only how they are made but how they are treated behind the radar. Because pathos is such a good rhetorical device for him, he puts a lot into his book. Another example being, Water in these tanks has been aptly named fecal soup for all the filth and bacteria floating around. By immersing clean, healthy birds in the same tank with dirty ones, youre practically assuring cross-contamination (Fore 135). This is also a great way to appeal to the readers emotions because in those words you see how dirty the food that is being processed is and really think to themselves, is this what I Want to be putting in my body, is this something that will make me sick and when you get your reader to ask themselves those questions then Ive effectively appealed to their emotions. In his article Speechless, Fore uses the unthinkable and most emotional topic to appeal to the readers emotions. He brings up 9/11. No matter what story, the thought of 9/1 1 automatically causes emotion from people because that was a sad day in American history, lives were changed, and nothing was ever the same. In the article he tells how if his child were to ask about it he would simply just say Because they were trying to kill the people in the buildings, and scare everyone else; because they were angry about certain things America had one; because the fires weakened the steel that held the towers up (Fore, Speechless). This quote works so well for Fore and he used it because he knew that he would get an emotional response out of whoever was reading it. Overall Jonathan Saffron Fore, along with many other authors, likes to have certain rhetorical strategies that they use no matter what they are writing. In this case Fore uses a lot of imagery, metaphors, and appeals to the readers emotions by using pathos in a number of his writings. These trademarked strategies are what makes his writing so unique and his own.

International Marketing Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

International Marketing Environment - Essay Example Thus, the understanding of the environment of international marketing is significant in order to successfully achieve business goals (â€Å"Understanding the Global Marketing Environment†, n.d., pp.4-5). The Role of Government in International Trade The government has a significant role in international businesses, where the government promotes the activities of the trades and businesses. Various financial and non financial types of assistance are provided by the government that helps the country and its businesses to attract the FDI. This, in turn, enables the countries to fight their competitive countries. Foreign businesses are more attractive with the increasing liberalization in trade across different countries, deregulations and privatizations leading to greater opportunities of international businesses. Thus, governments have the opportunities to â€Å"open up their borders to international trade and investment, standardize their systems and procedures, adopt internati onally acceptable values and attitudes, and encourage the development of democratic institutions† (Aswathappa, 2010, p.10). Economic integration is attracted to a country when the country intends to develop financially and structurally. The various stages of integrations include free trade agreements, customs union, common market, and economic union. The free trade agreements regulate the initial integrations of trade between countries. External trade policies are controlled and regulated by the customs union. The common market decides on the movement of people across countries for the purpose of trades. The economic union contains all the elements of the other stages and regulated the monetary and fiscal policies of the international trades (Landers, 2012). Thus, it can be understood that these stages of economic integrations have significant impacts on the process of international trades between different countries. Economic and Cultural Elements of International Marketing E nvironment Economic and cultural factors are essential for the understanding of international marketing since these factors largely determine the marketing environment of the businesses and trades. Economic elements are significant since they have effects on the demands of any product being marketed in foreign markets. These elements include the size and composition of the target population, size and structure of the foreign market, level of competition, the sources of competition, rates of inflation, the restrictions on imports, tax systems, and other factors. These factors determine the demands and the rising level of trades across countries, thus, making it clear that economic elements affect international marketing environments. Cultural differences are also important in this regard since much of the social and ethnic issues result from such differences affecting global trades. Understanding of these factors is essential since they not only affect businesses but also support the marketer of the businesses in successfully gaining the target group in the foreign markets. Thus, elements like behaviors, values and beliefs are needed to be considered effectively (â€Å"Impact of Economic and Cultural Elements On International Marketing†, 2012). Political and Financial Risks with International Marketing The financial risks that are mostly involved in international tra

Ethical Climate Survey Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical Climate Survey - Assignment Example Specifically, the issue facing the organization was related to how it paid teenage employees and serving dangerously unhealthy fast foods to people. It is clear that these actions were unethical because the organization was exploiting the ablest employees who are the teenagers and at the same time, serving products that would potentially harm the customer’s health by becoming obese, which can cause heart disease and ultimately death. Some steps were taken by the admin to eliminate the same and currently, the organization wants to have the employees’ views on the progress so that they can possibly come up with additional strategies based on the outcomes. The establishment of a corporate culture is crucial to the success of the overall organization and requires certain steps to accomplish and realize the anticipated results. The culture defines the behaviors exhibited by the employees in the subject organization. The first step incorporates understanding what is important to the employees so as to incorporate that in the culture to be established. Specifically, the leader should take responsibility in determining what motivates the employees and this step relies heavily on communication where the employees hold a conversation with the leader. Here, the two parties outline what is expected of each other. While the leader communicates the goals, the employees communicate how they would like to benefit from the business and with the business. The second step involves taking action while taking the interests of the employees into consideration. After developing the culture, it is then defined to the involved parties who are then involved in the third step of contributing and providing ideas. This should be considered so as to make them feel responsible for its creation.  

Cast study Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cast - Case Study Example Exports of agricultural produce constitute Brazil’s major revenue earner. Brazil’s manufacturing industry lacks competitiveness because there is no comparative advantage in the industrial sector. The cost of energy, raw materials and wages is high and the consequence is the escalation of the manufacturing costs. Brazil has failed in the quest to keep the industrial operating costs below those incurred in other countries. Therefore, the countries with lower operating costs are more competitive in manufacturing compared to Brazil. Brazil’s governments in the 20th and 21st centuries have been eagerly developing a world class manufacturing strategy. The government’s course of action is aimed at switching from the agricultural based economy to one that is industrial based. The government wanted to protect the local industries from international competition by imposing taxes on imports through the practice of protectionism. For Brazil to move its resources from the uncompetitive industrial sector to competitive industries, comparative advantage should be given prior consideration. The country should stick to developing agriculture and diversifying the use of agricultural products. For instance, sugar cane can be used to produce more ethanol whose demand is high. Sugar cane is primarily used to produce sugar but diversification will provide a platform for the production of ethanol. The global ethanol trade is lucrative and Brazil would have an upper hand in the international market as a result of its comparative advantage with regard to agriculture. For effective competitive advantage, the agricultural resources should be developed and harnessed into different industries to diversify products coupled with the expansion of the global market (Chaddad, 2014). President Rousseff’s policies limit Brazil’s dependence on foreign goods but they disregard the aspect of comparative advantage. The

How football Clubs Utilise B2B

How football Clubs Utilise B2B How football clubs utilise B2B to create strong business relationships Introduction The Cambridge dictionary defines B2B (Business to Business) as business arrangements or trade between different businesses, rather than between businesses and the general public (Cambridge Dictionary, 2017). This report will outline how football clubs have used B2B to improve their infrastructure by linking with other businesses that can offer services to the club, and also receive some provision in return. The decision-making process will also be looked at to identify how clubs decide to choose new B2B partners. Influences of buyer behaviour will also be examined. Current B2B deals in the football industry will also be looked at and the potential benefits of sponsorship. B2B is a great way for businesses to set up long standing relationships that can be in place for many years and be of use on multiple occasions. Businesses make purchases to address problems within the company. For example, if Manchester United sold out of replica shirts in the club shop, they would have to order new stock in to replace the previously sold items. They would contact their kit supplier Adidas and order more stock. B2B agreements are very important for football clubs who want to outsource work that they do not have the staff or infrastructure to deal with onsite. An example of this would-be security and stewarding on match days. Rather than the club having to employ and take responsibility for hundreds of stewards, many employ an agency who would hire and manage the stewards for everything from employment contracts to their working hours. This means the club would only have to approve them to work on any given match day. When looking to identify potential B2B opportunities, companies can use segmentation to narrow down a list of suitable businesses to start a working relationship with. One category would be location. For example, when Manchester City were building the Etihad Campus, they chose to work with nearby companies that sourced building materials locally. Thus, they strengthened their ties within the community by accessing local services (Premier Construction, 2015a). Because Manchester City made a conscious effort to work with local companies, they now have built and maintained B2B relationships with hundreds of local companies. This was done due to them handing out 883 contracts to local businesses (Premier Construction, 2015b). An example of B2B in the football industry are sponsorships. Sponsors offer clubs a significant amount of money to use their name on their kits or even stadiums. Sponsors are willing to pay millions of pounds so they can expand their consumer market by tapping into a football clubs fan base. The benefits of having a sponsor are the clubs brand being linked with a company in a different market, which could help attract more consumers to the club. One potential influence on B2B deals are the owners of football clubs. They tend to have preferences on what companies they like to work with and those they would rather avoid. Mike Ashley, the owner of Newcastle United changed the name of their stadium, St James Park to the Sports Direct Arena. As he was the owner of Sports Direct, he saw this as a good way of investing money into the club while also increasing brand awareness of Sports Direct. Unfortunately for him he was influenced by Newcastles biggest stakeholders, the fans. They would not accept the name change and after 11 months the sponsorship was removed from the stadium (Daily Telegraph, 2012). One example of a sponsor who uses football as a major advertisement opportunity is Emirates. Emirates are an airline based in the United Arab Emirates who have millions of customers in Europe. In football, they sponsor Arsenals Stadium, known as the Emirates Stadium and are their shirt sponsor. They also sponsor European giants Real Madrid, Paris Saint Germain and A.C. Milan (Emirates Group, 2016). Another example of B2B in English football is Manchester Uniteds deal with Chevrolet. This deal is more interesting since one of the contract stipulations is that Man Utd officials drive Chevrolets on club business. This was the case when Manchester United signed Paul Pogba for a world record fee. He was spotted being driven in a Chevrolet by Man Utd staff when having his medical (Bywater, 2016). Manchester United have a staggering 64 business partners (official Manchester united Website, 2016). These businesses range from deals such as their record kit deal with Adidas to smaller regional companies such as Chi, a soft drinks company based in Nigeria. Manchester United have 11 regional partners. They are mainly based in Asia and Indonesia. This is because Manchester United realised there was great demand for football in Asia which was at the time a completely untapped market. Manchester United also have a sponsorship deal with Nissin Food Groups. They are the official global noodle partner of Man Utd. As part of this deal Man Utd players have starred in adverts for the brand aired on Chinese television. This helps the Man Utd brand expand into areas of the Asian market where there is a lack of competition from fellow clubs. In 2016 Manchester Uniteds value grew by 7% from the previous year (Jefferson et al., 2017). This is attributed to their  £950m, 10-year deal with Adidas that started in July 2015. There are many positives for both businesses in this deal. Adidas pay for the right to make Manchester United merchandise and distribute it worldwide, this is great exposure for Adidas as anyone who buys Manchester United merchandise is also buying Adidas merchandise. A partnership between 2 giants of sport is mutually beneficial for both parties as the size of the 2 brands combined can reach a global audience. The decision-making process is a time-consuming necessity when starting a new B2B partnership. The first stage of the process is the club recognising the problem that needs to be solved. For example, the IT technology used by the club could be breaking down due too it being considered out of date. The next stage would be to identify what they specifically require to solve the problem. They would need to obtain replacement computers for their head offices. The next stage would be to start a search for a supplier that specialises in IT solutions for businesses. Once potential suppliers have been sought out by the club, they will offer proposals to the club on what they will deliver and what sort of price they are looking for. This is a vital stage of the process as it gives the club a chance to evaluate all their options on the table. Plus, the offers that have been presented are open to negotiation, so they can get the best deal possible. After they have negotiated with each of the companies, they will make their selection based on the proposals offered to them. Once the selection is complete, the club will put in their first order of equipment from their new supplier. Several months into their new B2B deal, the club will evaluate whether it has been successful so far. If they are satisfied with the supplier, they will look to maintain the B2B partnership over a longer period (Kotler and Armstrong, 1998). There are many influences on organisational buyer behaviour. One such influence are economic issues such as the price of the product, the reliability of the supplier and the product specification. An example of this would be if the supplier of the product is unreliable, then the organisation is less likely to purchase the product from that company. Or if the supplier has increased the price of the product, then the company will probably look at other suppliers with a lower price. Conclusion Overall B2B has a very important role in the football industry providing services and financial backing to football clubs. A long process is undertaken to start a B2B partnership which can be from a local company or from a business based on the other side of the world. Many influences effect the behaviour of potential buyers which could result in any deal not taking place. While sponsorships are the biggest B2B in football, that doesnt stop other companies from taking advantage from this method. Manchester United have proved that any company worldwide can have a relationship in the football industry whether they are based in the USA, Nigeria or China. B2B will only grow in the sports industry and plays a key role in the financial development of football. Word count: 1399 References Bywater, A. (2016) Paul Pogba jets in for Manchester united medical. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-3729304/Paul-Pogba-jets-Manchester-United-medical-world-record-110million-Juventus-inches-closer-completion.html (Accessed: 28 February 2017). Cambridge Dictionary (2017) B2B meaning in the Cambridge English dictionary. Available at: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/b2b (Accessed: 27 February 2017). Construction, P. (2015a) Football academy is worlds best. Available at: http://premierconstructionnews.com/2015/03/16/football-academy-is-worlds-best/ (Accessed: 28 February 2017). Construction, P. (2015b) Football academy is worlds best. Available at: http://premierconstructionnews.com/2015/03/16/football-academy-is-worlds-best/ (Accessed: 28 February 2017). Emirates Group, T.E. (2016) Emirates sponsorships | football. Available at: https://www.emirates.com/uk/english/about/emirates-sponsorships/football/football.aspx (Accessed: 28 February 2017). Jefferson, R.S., Henry, J., Hynes, C., Wood, T., Campbell, R., Mourdoukoutas, P., Seymour, L., Levy, P., Setaro, S., Fisher, D., Kruger, D., Saunders, P. and Connolly, M. (2017) Manchester united on the Forbes soccer team valuations list. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/teams/manchester-united/ (Accessed: 28 February 2017). Kotler, P. and Armstrong, K. (1998) Principles of marketing: European edition. New York: Financial TImes Prentice Hall. Newcastle united remove sports direct arena branding on stadium to make way for the return of st James park (2012) Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/newcastle-united/9610091/Newcastle-United-remove-Sports-Direct-Arena-branding-on-stadium-to-make-way-for-the-return-of-St-James-Park.html (Accessed: 28 February 2017). Official Manchester united club partners official Manchester united Website (2016) Available at: http://www.manutd.com/en/Partners.aspx (Accessed: 27 February 2017).

Metaphors We Live By :: George Lakoff Mark Johnson Language Essays

Metaphors We Live By In the book Metaphors We Live By, authors George Lakoff and Mark Johnson address the traditional philosophic view denouncing metaphor's influence on our world and our selves (ix). Using linguistic and sociological evidence, Lakoff and Johnson claim that figurative language performs essential functions beyond those found in poetry, clichà ©, and elaborate turns of phrase. Metaphor permeates our daily experiences - not only through systems of language, but also in terms of the way we think and act. The key to understanding a metaphor's effect on behavior, relationships, and how we make sense of our environment, can be found in the way humans use metaphorical language. To appreciate the affects of figurative language over even the most mundane details of our daily activity, it is necessary to define the term, "metaphor" and explain its role in defining the thoughts and actions that structure our conceptual system. According to Lakoff and Johnson, "the essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another" (5). This definition extends to any symbolic type of expressions, like the concept of hate, the spatial direction "up", or the experience of inflation. When our most important life experiences are often too abstract for basic understanding, we attempt to capture the nature of the experience by placing it in a relevant and more easily recognizable context. Three basic types of metaphor are used to, "conceptualize the less clearly delineated in terms of the more clearly delineated"(59). These are: the orientational metaphor, the ontological metaphor, and the structural metaphor. Orientational metaphor organizes concepts by giving them a spatial orientation. These metaphoric representations are not random; they are based on the structure of our bodies, and how we physically interact in a specific culture or environment. Metaphors like "I'm falling asleep," "he dropped dead," and, "You are under my control" provide a spatial relationship between the human subject and something found in the world. The authors explain that, while directional oppositions (up-down, in-out, front-back, etc.) are physical in nature, they aren't always the same for every culture. For example, while some cultures may see the future as ahead of us, others view it as behind us (14). Ontological metaphors involve ways of viewing intangible concepts, such as feelings, activities, and ideas as entities. When we identify these experiences as substances, we can "refer to them, categorize them, group them, and quantify them - and, by this means, reason about them" (25).

The Giving Pledge

A – The Giving Pledge 1) The giving pledge is a growing trend among rich families and individuals in America. It includes that the rich people, who want to join the trend have to donate at least half of their wealth to charity. The people who make the pledge, have all that in common, that even though they give away half of their fortune, they still have more money than they can spend in a lifetime. In text two â€Å"My Philanthropic Pledge† Warren Buffet writes subjectively about the trend, and the reasons why he has make the pledge. He advocates the pledge, and encourages other wealthy people to do the same.One major argue he uses is that even though the supporters have to give away half of the fortune, it doesn’t necessarily means they have to change their lifestyle, but they can change thousands of people’s lifestyles for the better. It can mean life or dead for the poor and suffering, while it means little or big yacht for the rich. All in all, the att itude is very positive about the pledge, and as I wrote before, does Buffet advocate the trend with examples from his own life. He is the founder of â€Å"The Giving Pledge† and has self agreed to donate 99% of his fortune to charity.The attitude and tone is very different in text tree â€Å"The rich want a better world? Try paying fair wages and tax† written by Peter Wilby. Just by reading the headline you can sense the aggressive tone, and know how Peter Wilby sees the trend. He stands as an opponent to the pledge. One of his points is that â€Å"the poor is written out of their own story† – he thinks that the poor have no influence on what the money the wealthy ones have donated is used on, and what the money really should go to, to help them as much as possible.Another main argue he uses is, that to make permanent change in developing countries, the initiative and alteration has to come from the inside – in other words, there has to be a form f or revolution, to make the changes permanent. He also accentuates that the charity given by Warren Buffet, Bill Gates and other rich people place them in a very good light. And that would maybe even bring them even more money, because the people who make them rich (their customers) would think good thoughts about wealthy people who give money to charity.Wilby therefore thinks that rich people, who have enough money to make the pledge, should spend their money on paying taxes, stop lobbying against taxation, spend there money on better conditions for their employees and should lay their focus and money on stopping production of products in a way that damages the environment. 2) At first while reading text one â€Å"Band of billionaires pledge to give to charity† written by Jon Swartz, the impression is that the text is very objective. The headline seems objective and informal, and the tone and language the text is written in is very formal.But then, while reading further on, w hen you think about the intention of the text and the circumstance, some hidden opinions appears. The circumstance is that Gates, Buffet and other billionaires have agreed to give at least 50% of their fortune to charity, and they call on other billionaires to do the same. If the focus thereafter is the intention of the text it is clear that Jon Swartz wants to set the billionaires in a good light. That can be seen by the way he highlights who has given money, how much they gave, why they did it and when they did it.Besides that there is not any counterarguments why you should give money to charity, it is only pictured like a very decent and good thing to do. To increase that intention, Jon Swartz has only quoted people who support and advocates the pledge. 3) Taking my starting points in text two â€Å"My Philanthropic Pledge†, I will state my own opinions to â€Å"the giving pledge†. I can only agree with Warren Buffet that charity is a great thing to do. If I were r ich, I would do the same thing. If I could live, and live fantastically, for 1% of my fortune, while ther people around the world were suffering and starving, I would give the remaining 99% of my wealth to charity. Give the money to people who need it much more than I would. I think that is the only right thing to do. I can see the point in the argue Peter Wilby uses, that to make remaining changes, it has to come â€Å"from the inside† of the state. But I don’t think we are to sit and watch people die and suffer until that for happens. The money the wealthy people are willing to spend on charity can help a lot of people.Therefore it is a step on the road to a better world, and I think it is very generous and large of them to give away their fortune. One major point where I don’t agree with Wilby is when he mixes taxes into the whole thing. Of cause the rich people must pay taxes, and I do to think they should ensure that their production is not polluting. But I do not think there should be paid taxes of charity money, because the people who really need clean water, vaccines, educations etc. should get as much as possible for the money.

Winter at Valley Forge in the American Revolution

Winter at Valley Forge in the American Revolution The encampment at Valley Forge took place from December 19, 1777 through June 19, 1778 and served as winter quarters for General George Washingtons Continental Army. Having suffered a string of defeats that fall, including losing the capital of Philadelphia to the British, the Americans made camp for the winter outside of the city. While at Valley Forge, the army endured a chronic supply crisis but largely remained as well fed and clothed as it did during the previous campaigning season. During the winter, it benefited from the arrival of Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben who implemented a new training regimen which transformed the men in the ranks from inexperienced amateurs into disciplined soldiers capable of standing up against the British. When Washingtons men departed in June 1778, they were an improved army from the one that had arrived months earlier. A Difficult Autumn In the fall of 1777, Washingtons army moved south from New Jersey to defend the capital of Philadelphia from the advancing forces of General William Howe. Clashing at Brandywine on September 11, Washington was decisively defeated, leading the Continental Congress to flee the city. Fifteen days later, after outmaneuvering Washington, Howe entered Philadelphia unopposed. Seeking to regain the initiative, Washington struck at Germantown on October 4.  In a hard-fought battle, the Americans came close to victory but again suffered defeat. Selecting a Site With the campaign season ending and cold weather rapidly approaching, Washington moved his army into winter quarters. For his winter encampment, Washington selected Valley Forge on the Schuylkill River approximately 20 miles northwest of Philadelphia. With its high ground and position near the river, Valley Forge was easily defensible, but still close enough to the city for Washington to maintain pressure on the British. The location also allowed the Americans to prevent Howes men from raiding into the Pennsylvania interior as well as could provide the launching point for a winter campaign. Additionally, the location next to the Schuylkill worked to facilitate the movement of supplies. Despite the defeats of the fall, the 12,000 men of the Continental Army were in good spirits when they marched into Valley Forge on December 19, 1777.   Reconstructed army huts at Valley Forge. Photograph  © 2008 Patricia A. Hickman Housing Under the direction of the armys engineers, the men began constructing over 2,000 log huts laid out along military streets.  These were erected using lumber from the regions abundant forests and typically took a week to build. With the arrival of spring, Washington directed that two windows be added to each hut. In addition, defensive trenches and five redoubts were built to protect the encampment. To facilitate re-supply of the army, a bridge was erected over the Schuylkill. The winter at Valley Forge generally conjures images of half-naked, starving soldiers battling the elements. This was not the case. This imagery is largely the result of early, romanticized interpretations of the encampment story which were meant to serve as a parable about American perseverance. Supplies Though far from ideal, the conditions of the encampment were generally on par with the Continental soldiers routine privations. During the early months of the encampment, supplies and provisions were scarce, but available. Soldiers made due with subsistence meals such as firecake, a mixture of water and flour. This would sometimes be supplemented by pepper pot soup, a stew of beef tripe and vegetables.   The situation improved in February following a visit to the camp by members of Congress and successful lobbying by Washington. While a lack of clothing caused suffering among some the men, many were fully uniformed with the best equipped units used for foraging and patrols. During the early months at Valley Forge, Washington lobbied to improve the armys supply situation with some success. Statue of Brigadier General Anthony Wayne at Valley Forge. Photograph  © 2008 Patricia A. Hickman To supplement those supplies received from Congress, Washington sent Brigadier General Anthony Wayne to New Jersey in February 1778, to gather food and cattle for the men. A month later, Wayne returned with 50 head of cattle and 30 horses. With the arrival of warmer weather in March, disease began strike at the army. Over the next three months, influenza, typhus, typhoid, and dysentery all erupted within the encampment. Of the 2,000 men who died at Valley Forge, over two-thirds were killed by disease. These outbreaks were eventually contained through sanitation regulations, inoculations, and the work of surgeons. Drilling with von Steuben: On February 23, 1778, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben arrived in the camp. A former member of the Prussian General Staff, von Steuben had been recruited to the American cause in Paris by Benjamin Franklin. Accepted by Washington, von Steuben was put to work designing a training program for the army. He was aided in this task by Major General Nathanael Greene and Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton. Though he spoke no English, von Steuben commenced his program in March with the aid of interpreters. Beginning with a model company of 100 chosen men, von Steuben instructed them in drill, maneuver, and a simplified manual of arms. These 100 men were in turn sent out to other units to repeat the process and so on until the entire army was trained. In addition, von Steuben introduced a system of progressive training for recruits which educated them in the basics of soldiering. Statue of Baron von Steuben at Valley Forge. Photograph  © 2008 Patricia A. Hickman Surveying the encampment, von Steuben greatly improved sanitation by reorganizing the camp. This included the repositioning kitchens and latrines ensure they were on the opposites ends of the camp and the latter on the downhill side. His efforts so impressed Washington that Congress appointed inspector general for the army on May 5.  The results of von Steubens training were immediately evident at Barren Hill (May 20) and the Battle of Monmouth (June 28). In both cases, the Continental soldiers stood up to and fought on equal footing with the British professionals. Departure Though the winter at Valley Forge had been trying for both the men and the leadership, the Continental Army emerged as a stronger fighting force. Washington, having survived various intrigues, such as the Conway Cabal, to remove him from command, cemented himself as the armys military and spiritual leader, while the men, stiffened by von Steuben, were superior soldiers to those that had arrived in December 1777. On May 6, 1778, the army held celebrations for the announcement of the alliance with France.  These saw military demonstrations across the camp and the firing of artillery salutes. This change in the course of the war, prompted the British to evacuate Philadelphia and return to New York. Hearing of the British departure from the city, Washington and the army left Valley Forge in pursuit on June 19.   Leaving some men, led by the injured Major General Benedict Arnold, to re-occupy Philadelphia, Washington led the army across the Delaware into New Jersey. Nine days later, the Continental Army intercepted the British at the Battle of Monmouth. Fighting through extreme heat, the armys training showed as it battled the British to a draw. At its next major encounter, the Battle of Yorktown, it would be victorious. General George Washingtons headquarters at Valley Forge. Photograph  © 2008 Patricia A. Hickman

Free Essays on The Bauhaus

Ideologies The school had three aims since the beginning that remained basically the same throughout the life of the Bauhaus even though the direction of the school changed considerably. The first aim of the school was to bring art forms together in order for the art to find themselves, to promote the individual art styles and craftsmen to bring their work and skills together as one. Secondly, the school set out to raise the status of crafts, chairs, lamps, teapots, etc. and bring it to the same level as that of artistic products like paintings and sculptures. The third aim was to preserve contact with manufacturing leaders in an attempt to eventually achieve independence from government support by selling their designs to businesses. With these three main goals at its basis the Bauhaus began and influenced our lives immensely. The Bauhaus is one of the most important Design Movements in the 20th century. This movement took place in Weimar Republic of Germany during the 1920's and the early 1930's. The Weimar Republic is considered one of the birthplaces of the Modern Movement in architecture and design. The Bauhaus was founded by an architect named Walter Gropius. Gropius came from the Werkbund movement, which sought to integrate art and economics, and to add an element of engineering to art. The Werkbund movement was unable to achieve this integration, but the founding of the Bauhaus saw the solution that had previously been overlooked. The Bauhaus was founded by the combining of the Weimar Art Academy, and the Weimar Arts and Crafts School, which was established by Van De Velde. Students at this new school were trained by both an artist and a master craftsman, realizing the desires of Gropius to make modern artists familiar with science and economics. Modern materials such as plastic and chrome were used in this new era. This began to unite a creative imagination with a practical knowledge of craftsmanship, and thus to... Free Essays on The Bauhaus Free Essays on The Bauhaus Ideologies The school had three aims since the beginning that remained basically the same throughout the life of the Bauhaus even though the direction of the school changed considerably. The first aim of the school was to bring art forms together in order for the art to find themselves, to promote the individual art styles and craftsmen to bring their work and skills together as one. Secondly, the school set out to raise the status of crafts, chairs, lamps, teapots, etc. and bring it to the same level as that of artistic products like paintings and sculptures. The third aim was to preserve contact with manufacturing leaders in an attempt to eventually achieve independence from government support by selling their designs to businesses. With these three main goals at its basis the Bauhaus began and influenced our lives immensely. The Bauhaus is one of the most important Design Movements in the 20th century. This movement took place in Weimar Republic of Germany during the 1920's and the early 1930's. The Weimar Republic is considered one of the birthplaces of the Modern Movement in architecture and design. The Bauhaus was founded by an architect named Walter Gropius. Gropius came from the Werkbund movement, which sought to integrate art and economics, and to add an element of engineering to art. The Werkbund movement was unable to achieve this integration, but the founding of the Bauhaus saw the solution that had previously been overlooked. The Bauhaus was founded by the combining of the Weimar Art Academy, and the Weimar Arts and Crafts School, which was established by Van De Velde. Students at this new school were trained by both an artist and a master craftsman, realizing the desires of Gropius to make modern artists familiar with science and economics. Modern materials such as plastic and chrome were used in this new era. This began to unite a creative imagination with a practical knowledge of craftsmanship, and thus to...

Corporate financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate financial management - Essay Example n.d.). Lloyds has strengths as well as products, which are from both the companies that include Lloyds TSB’s approach towards risk and HBOS’s leading bancassurance businesses. The company’s multiple brands provide service to the customers regarding pricing as well as positioning in order to cover and attract more of the market. The two main brands of the company in England are Lloyds TSB as well as Halifax while in Scotland the company’s main brand is Bank of Scotland. The company tries to keep its cost down and improve its services to customers as the company can deliver effectiveness through shared services (Lloyds Banking Group, n.d.). Investigation on Rights Issue of Lloyds Banking Group There are several means of raising capital in an organisation. One such means applied by Lloyds Banking Group has been right issue. The company sold its new shares at discount. It was found that the existing shareholders of the company were offered new shares in ratio to their holdings. The left out shares that were not sold were bought by other investors as well as investment banks underwriting the process that has promised to swab up the unwanted shares in order to ensure that Lloyds gets its money. The reason behind Lloyds raising the fund has been that the bank wanted to evade from being involved in the Government’s toxic Assets Protection Scheme (APS). The bank had 43pc owned by their taxpayers. Originally, in order to insure ?260 billion in loans from the scheme, Lloyds Was expected to pay ?15.6 billion and thus increasing the taxpayer stake to 62pc. Royal Bank of Scotland that took part in the APS ended up being 84pc which were owned by the Government after putting its risky loans for insurance. However, Lloyds has to pay the Government a fee of ?2.5 billion in response for the protection that was by now offered by the taxpayers since the declaration of the scheme in 2009 (Telegraph, 2009) ‘The offer on the table for the share holders’ was that Lloyds, for every current share owned offered 1.34 new shares at a deep discount of around 37p each. The most important consideration has been the cost associated to the average shareholders. The typical investors who owned 740 shares were provided the opportunity to retain their stake in the company by buying around 991 new shares at a price of ?366.67 (Telegraph, 2009). It can be analysed that the fees that Lloyds had to pay was huge. The company planned to spend ?500m on all its cost out of the ?13.5billion raised by them (Daily Mail Reporter, 2009). It was further proposed that if the shareholders of Lloyds don’t do not take any measure at all then Lloyds is going to sell the shareholders allocation of shares on its behalf and send them the profit by cheque (MoneyHighStreet Staff, 2009). For the 2.8 million private shareholders the average holding was 740 shares, which denotes that if they assume their rights in full, they would have had to pay al most ?370. Small investors were involved in right issue of Lloyds. Some were the institutions such as pension funds and investment firms along with the taxpayers. However, for those investors who didn’t take up the offer had to receive a cheque from the bank for the sale of their nil-paid rights. Moreover, the underwriters had guaranteed to buy the shares that was not subscribed for by

Medical research abroad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medical research abroad - Essay Example The last bit of the presentation will conclude about the research conducted. Marriages in most African countries become recognized upon payment of the bride price which has many names in various African settings. In South Africa, it is referred to as labola; in East Africa it is referred to as mahari; in Zimbabwe it is referred to as roora; generally, in African settings, it is referred to as head-money. This payment is normally in the form of cash or other forms, and it is directed towards the family of the lady being married. African women are vulnerable when being used as research specimens as typified by many African constitutions. I will use Nigeria as a case example, maturity is deemed to start when one clocks 18 years. Another way that women can be considered of a mature age is when they have been married. However, as a result of the payment of the bride price, African women are considered as objects that are purchased in marriage. As a result of this, constitutional rights of these women of being regarded mature are taken away from them upon marriage. Therefore, African will be forced to seek approval from their husbands or even family members of their husbands when they want to enroll in clinical research. This is the challenge that is faced in clinical research using African women. The same normally applies for older women who are unmarried. Ion this scenario, the Nigerian constitution and indeed, most African constitutions have placed women under the care of their father or guardian until they are married. However, these rules are not applicable in Europe or in America. Another remarkable finding is that bride price is not paid to black women in the West Indies and the US. Therefore, it is only African black women who become disadvantaged when it comes to this. Solutions to this problem faced by African women have no borne

Effect Of Oil Price Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effect Of Oil Price Change - Essay Example The demand and supply framework of oil price changes is very complex and becomes understandable when divided into two. The two segments are; the short run and long run demand and supply. The short-run responses to oil price changes refer to the immediate changes in the event of an oil price change. Players in the market do not make immediate adjustments to their costs and procedures with effect to the oil price changes in this period. In the real world situation, consumers using cars and home equipment that use oil will respond slowly to a change in the oil prices. For example, an increase in the oil prices will make these consumers reluctant to change their consumption behavior of oil and oil-related products to cut their expenditure on oil even though they are not impressed with the prevalent high prices (Krichene, 2008). In the short run, the sensitivity of demand to the oil price change is quite low. In the long run, the demand for oil changes with relation to a change in oil pri ces. The consumers respond towards a rise in oil prices in the long run by initiating actions channeled at cutting their consumption of oil. These actions are such as the using of more fuel-efficient cars and equipment to cut their expenditure on oil. The price sensitivity, in the long run, is more than in the short run since oil consumers can make changes in their consumption of oil more in the long run than in the short run. This effect makes the demand curves of oil prices to be steeper in the long run than in the short run (Prasch, 2008).

IKEA Essay Example for Free

IKEA Essay IKEA, the Swedish retailer, is known for its good-quality, inexpensive products, which are typically sold at prices 30–50% below those of its competitors. While the price of products from other companies continues to rise over time, IKEA’s retail prices have been reduced by a total of 20% over the last four years. At IKEA, the process of cost reduction starts at product conception and continues throughout the process of design, sourcing of materials and components, production, and distribution. For example, the â€Å"Bang† mug has been redesigned many times to realize shipping cost savings. Originally, 864 mugs would fit into a pallet. After redesign a pallet held 1,280 mugs, and with a further redesign 2,024 mugs could be squeezed into a pallet, reducing shipping costs by 60%. IKEA strives to deliver the right number of goods to the right stores at the right time to make sure that the deliveries are efficient. IKEA’s mantra in shipping has always been the same stating â€Å"We don’t want to pay to ship air†. IKEA’s products are shipped in flat boxes by not only reducing shipping for IKEA, but making it easier for customers to be able to slip it in the cargo hatch of a station wagon. New Product Process: Product Price The process of developing a new product at IKEA starts with a team of designers, product developer and purchasers who get together to discuss design, materials, suppliers and pricing. Everyone contributes and purchasers use their contacts with suppliers all over the world to find who can make this product at best quality for the right price at the right time. Manufacturer IKEA’s products are often developed in close cooperation with suppliers. IKEA has introduced a code of conduct governing working conditions and environmental awareness among suppliers. This deals with matters of health and safety at workplace that forbids use of child labor. IKEA implements quality control with external audits who check IKEA and external suppliers. The manufacturer is chosen based on several factors and kinds of materials used for the product. Design The team works with existing pool of manufacturers and suppliers with a price point to identify the best designer and select a design for production. This is a continuous process that involves designer submitting a brief about the product’s price, it’s function, materials used and fabricator’s capabilities. This design is reviewed by IKEA’S staff designers and freelances until the design is refined to be the best. Shipping IKEA has pioneered the concept of flat. This flat package enables IKEA to lower shipping costs by maximizing the use of space inside shipping containers. There is no storage waste. The company has estimated that if the products are assembled and shipped, then the transport volume would be six times it’s original. IKEA has created a global network of distribution centers, most of which are near container ports and major truck and rail routes for efficient distribution. Sales IKEA designs its stores – a kind of theme park traversing as a furniture outlet. The layout of an IKEA store guides shoppers through a predetermined path of several model homes. Customers can sit in, try it out. The emphasis is always on low priced products with yellow price tag. The IKEA centers have day care as well as dine in options. The biggest selling point is on price tag. Additional Features – Value for Customer IKEA contributes to adding value to the customer includes its relationship with suppliers, distribution and logistics, and customer service in their stores. IKEA keeps costs low and offers good quality products. IKEA tries to reduce their prices every year. Going green is the mantra adopted by the company along with ethics which believe in no child labor. The logistics and the way their products are packed to the way they are stored is remarkable. Providing an on-site day care and a cafà © makes the shopping experience good for children and their parents, to the way they display their products. The products are packed in such a way that customers can load them in the cars or u-hauls and transport them to their homes or offices. A customer is satisfied after viewing the product they have assembled.

Methods used in conducting social research

Methods used in conducting social research Historically, it was perceived that social research could be performed objectively using positivistic techniques related to the natural sciences. Despite their ideological variations, Comte, Durkheim and Marx all perceived that natural scientific methodologies could be applied to social studies thus providing objective value free research. Yet the social sciences are divided as the objectivity of social research has been a highly contested issue within ontological schools of thought claiming that the social world cannot be explored wholly objectively. This debate was brought to the forefront when Becker who takes an interactionist perspective, claimed that it is impossible for social researchers to make values free judgements and that sociologists take sides namely that of the underdog, the oppressed and the powerless. This essay will explore the concept of objectivity within social research by giving a historical account of social theory before critically analysing the claim that th e objectivity of the social researcher is fatally compromised when he or she takes sides. The Becker/Gouldner debate will be critically addressed before analysing the notion of public sociology. Before addressing the debate, the historical significance of social theory must be addressed as there is a long history regarding issues of objectivity, and value free research. Prior to World War Two, social research was dominated by the paradigm of positivism. Philosophers such as Comte (1798-1857) strongly affirmed that methods applied to the natural sciences such as physics should be applied to the study of social behaviour (Benton Craib, 2001). The positivist perspective placed great emphasis on the objectivity of social research, accepting Science as the only general form of knowledge that produces reliable social scientific knowledge that can be generated into theory applicable to social behaviour within society (Benton Craib, 2001: 23). Moreover, like the natural sciences it requires both logical and empirical support. Causal relationships can be identified and truths can be falsified thus, positivist sociology assumes that law-like generalisations can be derived from socia l research Pedraza (2002: 75). Postivism was widely accepted throughout the nineteenth centuary as science was assumed to be the highest form of knowledge, thus by applying the methodologies of the natural science to the newborn social sciences allowed for some level of acceptance. As far as objectivity is concerned, positivist methodological approaches claim that objectivity is an ideal that is attainable, as the social realtiy of society can be observed it without any antecedents. As a result, the aim of the social scientist is to be exogenously detached from the research subject. Although not positivists,both Durkeim and Marx both ascertained that social research could be studied using natural science techniques therefore obtaining objectivity. Although not a positivist himself, Durkheim drew upon positivistic methods in his study of suicide using statistical data to identify patterns of causal relationships. (REF) Turning to Weber (WEBERREF) changed the direction of social research claiming that although social research should be value free, obtaining completely objective research was impossible. This is simply because researchers are subjective humans. Weber coined the term value free sociology and urged that sociologists need to be unconfined by personal values if it was to make a positive contribution towards society. Weber recognised that personal values would to some extent influence research topics but encouraged objectivity in exploring a topic once chosen. For Weber, value freedom is then a non-judgemental analysis of society in its own terms. Although Weber advocated this approach to social research, it must be acknowledged that values can enter research in a variety of ways ranging from the choice of research area, formulation of the research question; methodology including data collection, analysis of data; interpretation of data and overall conclusions (Bryman, 2008). Following from Weber the epistemological position of positivism has been overtly critiqued by various theorists, particularly those who take an ontological, interpretivist stance. For example, Becker (1964: 245) argues that, there is no position from which sociological research can be done that is not biased in one way or another. Therefore, social research cannot be completely objective as researchers can unknowingly contaminate their exploration of an issue with values developed throughout their own biography. Furthermore, Becker (1964) claims that, sociologists must either write from the position of a superordinate or from that of a subordinate (Lawson, 1991: 591). In addressing this claim, Becker (1964) discusses the credibility of hierarchy which explores the notion that social groups whom are perceived to be superior within a given society are in a position of power that can define the rules of society. The exclusivity of the natural sciences within society is an example of thi s. Becker (1964: 242) goes on to surmise that sociologists challenge this rule by refusing to acknowledge the established status order in which it is surmised that the truth of knowledge is unequally distributed. Therein, Becker suggests that social research should focus on the underdog in order to reform knowledge distribution. This is similar to the view that has been taken up by feminists such has Hartstock (2004: 7) who place emphasis on relativist standpoint theories whereby knowledge is shaped by power relations, that it is socially situated. Therefore those oppressed can give the best account fo the internal workings of their group. Hartstock (2004) attains that prior to feminist sociology, research disciplines and public policy did not account for women as group with their own knowledge. For Hartsock (2004), any social research that does not address the unequal distribution of knowledge, is therefore, potentially skewed. Thus drawing upon the Marxist notion of historic materialism standpoint theorists such as Hartstock (2004) and Harding (DATE) chose to address this with the aim of exercising social research from the position or standpoint of women. It can be surmised from this perspective that it is therefore it is impossible for a social researcher to extract themselves from power relations in thei r own situation. Therefore the feminist approach strongly advocates that objectivity should not be the primary aim of a social investigation. Rather, it is important for researchers to adopt a stance and consider how their values will influence their research. In addition, it should be recognised that feminist researchers shape the results of their analyses no less than do those of sexist and androcentric researchers. The objectivist stance should be avoided as it attempts to make the researchers cultural beliefs and practices invisible, while simultaneously skewering the research objects, beliefs and practices to the display board (Harding, 1987:9). What are the arguments against this? GOULDNER Gouldner is in consensus with Becker that social research cannot be value free yet he openly criticises Beckers claiming that Becker does not address the reasons why sociologists are more inclined to take the side of the underdog. Furthermore Gouldner asserts that is not always the case, the manner which some sociologists conceive the value-free doctrine disposes them to ignore current human problems and to huddle together like old men seeking mutual warmth. This is not our job, they say, and if it were we would now know enough to do it. (Gouldner, 1973: 13) It is clear that subjectivity poses a severe limitation for the positivist objective approach to social research. For Gouldner, however, the positivist approach posed another extensive problem, it was useful to those young, or not so young, men who live off sociology rather than for it, and who think of sociology as a way of getting ahead in the world by providing them with neutral techniques that may be sold on the open market to any buyer (Gouldner, 1973: 12). In others word Gouldner saw self interest as a powerful motivator the outcome of research being affected by the context in what it is undertaken. Thus the social researcher is not necessarily on the side of the underdog. In laymen terms Lawson (1991) suggests that the crux of this debate is the question of whether sociologists are allied with the state, accepting the state as the overall authority or should they adapt a more ethical, moral role in addressing social problems of society. Ultimately social researchers are divided by this dilemma that as Gouldner suggests, depends on the social context of the researcher. What Gouldner recognises is that the attempt of sociologists to draw upon the natural sciences to obtain an objective approach does not entirely fit with social studies and that the institutions in which professional sociologists consult such as government, academia and business can have a profound effect on a researchers values. Parsonian sociologists such as Haak (1994) and Hammersely (2000) are critical on views promoted by Becker and Gouldner arguing that that the politicisation of social research is not only misguided, but inherently dangerous, and that an intelligent and sceptical commitment to the principles of objectivity and value neutrality must remain an essential feature of social research (back cover). Hamersley (2000) promotes the idea of value-free, objective social research placing emphasis on academia as the key institution to producing knowledge. Yet the University as a place for producing knowledge itself is under threat. This can be demonstrated by addressing the tragedy of the anticommons. ANTICOMMONS 300 In response to Hardings Tragedy of the Commons whereby a resource is exploited by overuse, (HellerRosenburg1998)) address the notion of the anticommons where upstream and downstream technologies are compatible for the development of a new product yet the technology is patentable and ownership is fragmented thus the price of the new product becomes high and its consumption ends up being small or there is a gridlock in the development of the products EXAMPLE OF ANTICOMMONS This is not objective research if the notion is to make profit 250 This situation can be directly perceived by examining changes within university systems. For example, in Japan, national universities that conduct public research have transitioned to University Corporations by which there is an emphasis in profiteering from any innovations it may develop (Nishijima, 2004). According to Nishijima (2004) the Japanese ministry of education has advocated universities to acquire patents of innovations and to partake in research activities with private organisations such as corporations. through establishing Technology License Office for the past few years. The transition of National University to University Corporation implies that results of basic research will suddenly change from public goods to private goods and that the anticommons problem will emerge in the product innovation where basic research and development of new products are complementary. In the case of National University, there seems no consensus (no argument so far) on how economists should formulate the objective function of national university.10 Even if we assume that national university behaves as if it maximized a particular objective function such as probability of research success subject to budget and other constraints, equilibrium variables of national university will not be far from those arbitrarily given, as long as the particular objective function is not convincing. Therefore we have no choice but to exogenously give particular values to variables Thus as Oliver (1992) ascribes, social research are sometimes forced to take sides as funding bodies are not willing to take risks and support user-controlled research. The point that Gouldner (1973) puts across is that sociology should focus on social change therefore it must take sides. Essentially, Marx emphasised the need for social research to contribute to social change, The Standpoint of the old materialism is civil society; the stand point of the new is human society, or social humanity. The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point is to change it. (Eastman, 1935) like Marx, Gouldner (1973) believed that sociology should count towards human emancipation thus Gouldner became a strong believer in public sociology. REFLEXIVITY 300 The notion of reflexivity. Researchers must give an indication of the purpose of their research and how they have come to partake in such research This illustrates some of the factors that can affect social research. Namely, the need for profit. PARSONIAN SOCIOLOGY ARGUES FOR EPISTIMOLICAL RESEARCH DISCUSS!! BURAWOY PUBLIC SOCIOLOGY DISTINCTION BETWEEN THOSE THAT ACT AND THOSE WHO DONT As Burawoy (2005: 324) asserts the possibility for public sociology comes from sociologys spontaneous connection to its reflexive relation with civil society. Burawoy clearly recognises that sociology in itself is a reflexive paradigm and suggests that it clearly needs to move from ideological theory to commitment to action. In a sense Burawoy (2005: 325) advocates that social research must take sides claiming like Marx and Gouldner that society should place human society or social humanity at its organising centre. 200 words Whilst this debate continues, a few conclusions can be drawn from this essay. Firstly, it is near impossible for social researchers to complete value free research. There are several factors that account for this. Namely as Gouldner asserts, the social context in which research is conducted. Secondly, It would seem that social research is clearly divided by professional and public sociology. Thus it is not a case of whether or not to take sides but more a case of which side our values empower us to choose. Those inclined towards professional sociology may attain that objectivity is not compromised whereas those inclined towards public sociology may recognise that it can be and even more so, that it is necessary to evoke humanitarian changes.